Rumus Airflow rate secara manual

Q = Cd x A ((Cp1 - Cp2)) v^2)^1/2

Q   = Volumetric flow rate
Cd = Coefficient discharge
A   = Luas Bukaan
Cp = Coefficient pressure
v    = Wind Velocity


Cp = P / (1/2 ρ x (v^2)) 

Cp = Coefficient pressure
P   = Pressure
ρ   = Tekanan udara
v   = wind velocity


Typical discharge coefficient (Cd) for single inlet or intermediate openings in buildings

Description of opening	Typical range of discharge coefficients for normal incidence	Jet characteristics
Small openings in thin walls less than 10% of wall area near the centre of the wall	0.5-0.65	small inertia due to small mass of air in jet
Openings 10-20% near the centre of wall with aspect ratio similar to cross section of the downwind space	0.65-0.7	Significant inertia due to increased mass of air in jet
Openings 10-20% of a wall with one edge common with the downwind space such as a doorway	0.7-0.8	wall effect reduces energy losses on one side of jet
Openings similar in size to the cross section of the downstream space	0.8-0.9	wall effect around the perimeter of the jet significantly reduces turbulent energy losses

Nilai Coefficient discharge (Cd) dengan membandingkan Oulet dgn Inlet

Ao/Ai	Cd
Approacing
0	0.63
0.2	0.64
0.4	0.67
0.6	0.71
0.8	0.81
1	1

Standar Ventilation Rate untuk Tipe-Tipe Ruangan

Fungtion of space	Ventilation rate (m3/h fresh air)
Residence
Living room	45
Kitchen	60-90
Bedroom	25
Bathroom	25
School Classrooms	40 / person
Factories (no smoking)	30 / person
Community halls (heavy smoking)	50 per person

Sumber : Aerodynamics architecture, Aynsley

Vz = Vg (z/zg)^α

Vz = Kecepatan angin di ketinggian tertentu (dicari)
Vg = Kecepatan angin di ketinggian referensi
z    = Ketinggian titik ukur yang dicari
zg  = Ketinggian titik ukur referensi
α    = Konstanta

Terrain category	Terrain description	Gradient height (m)	Roughness length (m)	Mean speed exponent (α)	Gust speed exponent (β)
1	open sea, ice, tundra, desert	250	0.001	0.11	0.07
2	open country with low scrub	300	0.03	0.15	0.09
3	suburban area, small town	400	0.3	0.25	0.14
4	city centres, tall buildings	500	3	0.36	0.2

Sumber : Architectural Aerodynamics, Aynsley

Temperatur Tertinggi untuk Berbagai Nilai RH
RH (%)	Temperatur (*C)
100	31
50	38
18	45
0	52

Batasan Kenyamanan pada Rentang Suhu dan Kelembaban yang Berbeda
Rentang suhu nyaman (DBT)
Rerata RH Tahunan	Suhu Rerata Tahunan
	> 20 C	15-20 C	<15 C
<30%	26	23	21
30-50%	25	22	20
50-70%	23	21	19
>70%	22	20	18

Pergerakan Udara dan Pengaruhnya pada Sensasi

Kecepatan Angin m/s	Sensasi
< 0.25	Tidak Terasa
0.25-0.5	Menyenangkan
0.5-1	Terasa angin
1-1.5	Hembusan Angin
>1.5	Mengganggu

Sumber : Arsitektur dan Kenyamanan Termal, Noor Cholis Idham

THERMAL PROPERTIES OF BUILDING ELEMENTS: WINDOWS, ROOFS AND FLOORS
WINDOWS		u-Vaue	admittance	time-lag	decr. Factor
wood frame	single 6mm glass	5.0	5.0	0	1
	double glazing	2.9	2.9	0	1
metal frame	single 6mm glass	6.0	6.0	0	1
*same but discontinius frame		5.7	5.7	0	1
	double glazing	3.6	3.6	0	1
*same but discontinius frame		3.3	3.3	0	1
foor glazing	single 6mm glass	6.6	6.6	0	1
	double glazing	4.6	4.6	0	1
horiz. Laylight + skylight	ventilated	3.8	3.8	0	1
	unventilated	3.0	3.0	0	1
FLAT ROOF
150 concrete slab, plastered, 75 screed aspal		1.8	4.5	8	0.33
* same but lightweight concrete		0.84	2.3	5	0.77
25 timber deck, bit.felt, plb'd ceiling		1.81	1.9	0.9	0.99
*same + 50mm EPS		0.51	0.8	1.3	0.98
10 fibrous cement, asph. 13 fibreb'd. Cav, fibrous cement ceiling		1.5	1.9	2.0	0.96
50 ww. 13 scrd. 20 asph. Cav, pl.b'd ceiling		1.0	1.4	3.0	0.93
13 fibreb'd, 20 asph. cav, 10 foil-b plbd		1.2	1.3	1	0.99
metal deck, bit.felt, 25mm EPS		1.1	1.2	1	0.99
* same + 13 fibreb'd + plb'd ceiling		0.73	0.91	1	0.99
* same but 50mm EPS		0.48	0.75	1	0.98
PITCH ROOFS
corrugated fibrous cement sheet		4.9	4.9	0	1
* same +attic+plasterboard ceiling		2.58	2.6	0.3	1
* same + 50mm EPS or glass fibre		0.55	1.0	0.7	0.99
tiles, sarking, attic + plasterb'd ceiling		2.59	2.6	0.3	1
* same + 50 mm EPS or glass fibre		0.54	1.0	1.5	0.97
tiles, sarking, 25mm timber ceiling (slope)		1.91	2.1	1	0.99
* same + 50 mm EPS or glass fibre		0.51	1.5	1.4	0.97
metal sheet (corrugated or profiled)		7.14	7.1	0	1
metal sheet + attic + plastereb'd ceiling		2.54	2.6	0.3	1
* same + 50 mm EPS or glass fibre		0.55	1.0	0.7	0.99
FLOORS
suspended timber, bare or lino	3 x 3m	1.05	2.0	0.7	0.99
	7.5 x 7.5m	0.68	2.0	0.8	0.98
	15 x 7.5m	0.61	2.0	0.8	0.98
	15 x 15m	0.45	2.0	0.9	0.97
	30 x 15m	0.39	2.0	0.9	0.97
	60 x 15m	0.37	2.0	1.0	0.97
concr.slab on ground, 2 edge	3 x 3m	1.07	6.0	0	0.01
	7.5 x 7.5m	0.45	6.0	-	0
	15 x 7.5m	0.36	6.0	-	0
	15 x 15m	0.26	6.0	-	0
	30 x 15m	0.21	6.0	-	0
	60 x 15m	0.18	6.0	-	0
concr.slab on ground, 4 edge	3 x 3m	1.47	6.0	-	0.02
	7.5 x 7.5m	0.76	6.0	-	0.01
	15 x 7.5m	0.62	6.0	-	0
	15 x 15m	0.45	6.0	-	0
	30 x 15m	0.36	6.0	-	0
	60 x 15m	0.32	6.0	-	0

U value (Transmittance) = 1/Ra-a

Ra-a = Rso + R1 + R2 + R.. + Rsi

R material = b/λ

keterangan:
b = thickness (m)
λ = conductivity (W/mK) (transmisi heat tidak dipengaruhi ketebalan material)
Ra-a = air-to-air resistance
Rso = outer surface resistance
Rsi = indoor surface resistance
R1+R2+R.. = total resistance of all materials

THERMAL PROPERTIES OF SURFACES AND CAVITIES
		absorptance & emittance	reflectance	absorptance & emittance
brick	white, glazed	0,25	0,75	0,95
	light colours	0,40	0,60	0,90
	dark colours	0,80	0,20	0,90
roofs	asphalt or bitumen	0,90	0,10	0,96
	red tiles	0,65	0,35	0,85
	white tiles	0,40	0,60	0,50
	aluminium (oxidised)	0,20	0,80	0,11
paint	white	0,30	0,70	0,95
	matt black	0,96	0,04	0,96
weathered building surfaces: light		0,50	0,50	0,60
	medium	0,80	0,20	0,95

SURFACE RESISTANCES (m2 K/W)			normal surfaces	high emittance surfaces
inside,	walls		0,12	0,30
	ceiling, floor:	heat flow up	0,10	0,22
		heat flow down	0,14	0,55
outside,	walls,	sheltered	0,08	0,11
		normal exposure	0,06	0,07
		severe exposure	0,03	0,03
	roofs,	sheltered	0,07	0,09
		normal exposure	0,04	0,05
		severe exposure	0,02	0,02
CAVITY RESISTANCES (m2 K/W)			normal surfaces	high emittance surfaces
unventilated:
	5 mm cavity,	any position	0,10	0,18
	>25 mm cavity,	heat flow horizontal	0,18	0,35
		heat flow up	0,17	0,35
		heat flow down	0,22	1,06
	multiple foil,	air space one side:
		heat flow horizontal or up	-	0,62
		heat flow down	-	1,76
ventilated:
	fibr.cement ceiling & dark metal roof		0,16	0,30
	fibr.cement ceiling & fibr.cement roof		0,14	0,25
	fibr.cement ceiling & tiled roof, sarking		0,18	0,26
	in ordinary cavity walls		0,18	-

THERMAL PROPERTIES OF BUILDING ELEMENTS: WALLS
note: EPS = expanded polystyrene slab			U-value W/m2K	admittance W/m2K	time-lag hours	decr.factor -
brick,	single skin,	105 mm	3,28	4,2	2,6	0,87
		220 mm	2,26	4,7	6,1	0,54
		335 mm	1,73	4,7	9,4	0,29
brick,	single skin,	105 mm palstered	3,02	4,1	3	0,83
		220 mm plastered	2,14	4,5	6,5	0,49
		335 mm plastered	1,79	4,5	9,9	0,26
brick,	cavity,	270 mm plastered	1,47	4,4	7,7	0,44
* same with 25 mm EPS in cavity			0,72	4,6	8,9	0,34
* same with 40 mm EPS in cavity			0,55	4,7	9,1	0,32
* same with 50 mm EPS in cavity			0,47	4,7	9,2	0,31
concr.block, solid, 200 mm plasterboard			1,83	2,5	6,8	0,35
* same but foil-backed plasterboard			1,40	1,82	7	0,32
* same + 25 mm EPS (no cavity)			0,93	1,2	7,2	0,3
* same but 25 cav.+ 25 EPS + plasterboard			0,70	1	7,3	0,29
* same but lightweight concrete			0,68	1,3	7,4	0,46
* same but foil-backed plasterboard			0,61	1,5	7,7	0,42
* same + 25 mm EPS (no cavity)			0,50	1,1	8,2	0,36
* same but 25 cav.+ 25 EPS + plasterboard			0,46	1	8,3	0,34
concr.block, hollow,		100 mm inside plast.	2,50	3,8	2,4	0,89
		200 mm inside plast.	2,42	4,1	3	0,83
concrete, dense, cast, 150 mm			3,48	5,3	4	0,7
* same + 50 mm woodwool slab plastered			1,23	1,7	6	0,5
* same but lightweight plaster			1,15	1,7	6,3	0,49
		200 mm	3,10	5,5	5,4	0,56
* same + 50 mm woodwool slab plastered			1,18	2,2	7,7	0,36
* same but lightweight plaster			1,11	1,7	7,6	0,35
concr.precast panel, 75 mm			4,28	4,9	1,9	0,91
* same + 25 cav. + 25 EPS + plasterboard			0,84	1	3	0,82
concr.precast, 75 + 25 EPS + 150 L/W concr.			0,58	2,3	8,7	0,41
* same but 50 mm EPS			0,41	2,4	9,2	0,35
brick veneer, 105 mm, cav. Plasterboard			1,77	2,2	3,5	0,77
* same but foil-backed plasterboard			1,36	1,7	3,7	0,75
* same with 25 mm EPS or glass fibre			0,78	1,1	4,1	0,71
* same with 50 mm EPS or glass fibre			0,50	0,9	4,3	0,69
* same, 25 EPS + foil-backed plasterboard			0,69	1	4,1	0,71
brick veneer, 100 mm, cav. Plasterboard			1,57	2,1	4,1	0,72
* same but foil-backed plasterboard			1,24	1,7	4,3	0,69
* same with 25 mm EPS or glass fibre			0,74	1,1	4,7	0,65
* same with 50 mm EPS or glass fibre			0,48	0,9	4,9	0,62
* same, 25 EPS + foil-backed plasterboard			0,66	1	4,7	0,64
framed,	single fibro or galv.iron		5,16	5,2	0	1
* same + cav. + plasterboard			2,20	2,2	0,3	1
* same + 25 mm EPS or glass fibre			0,86	1,1	0,5	0,99
* same + 50 mm EPS or glass fibre			0,53	0,9	0,7	0,99
framed,	20 mm timber boarding		3,00	3	0,4	1
* same + cav. + plasterboard			1,68	1,8	0,8	0,99
* same + 25 mm EPS or glass fibre			0,76	1	1	0,99
* same + 50 mm EPS or glass fibre			0,49	0,9	1,2	0,98
framed,	tile-hang,+paper+cav+50 EPS+plb'd		0,54	0,78	1	0,99
* same but 100 EPS or glass fibre			0,32	0,71	1	0,99

Keterangan:
Decrement Factor  = faktor yang menentukan jumlah fluktuasi temperatur di dalam dibandingkan di 
                                  luar (jika nila decr. factor 0.5, maka jika fluktuasi temperatur di luar 20C (siang 
                                  ke malam) maka di dalam fluktuasinya hanya 10C)

Sumber : Thermal Design of Buildings, Szokolay 

Rumus Besar Heat Gain

Qi + Qc + Qs +Qv + Qe = 0
Jika bernilai > 0 maka, menerima panas, jika < 0 maka melepas panas

Qi  = Heat flow dari barang2 di dalam ruangan
Qc = Heat flow dari struktur bangunan (konduksi)
Qs = Heat flow dari radiasi matahari
Qv = Heat flow dari ventilasi
Qe = Heat flow dari evaporasi

--------------------------------------------

Heat flow Interior

Qi = Jumlah total heat output dari tubuh manusia dan peralatan di dalam ruangan

Heat output of Human Body (Watt)
Kegiatan	Total	suhu 20C		suhu 26C
		sensible	latent	sensible	latent
Duduk, Beristirahat	115	90	25	65	50
Pekerjaan diam ditempat	140	100	40	70	70
duduk, makan	150	85	65	70	80
jalan pelan	160	110	50	75	85
pekerjaan ringan	235	130	105	80	155
pekerjaan sedang	265	140	125	90	175
pekerjaan berat	440	190	250	105	335
pekerjaan berat, nge-gym	585	205	380	165	420
Heat output peralatan rumah tangga (Kilo Watt)
peralatan Listrik	sensible	latent
Coffee machine	1.5	0.4
food warmer per m2	0.6	1.1
grill 250x300mm	1.2	0.6
kettle diameter 300mm, tinggi 260mm	0.5	0.7
toaster	0.7	0.2
foto kopi kecil, stanby	1.8	0
bekerja	0.9	0
foto kopi besar, stanby	3.5	0
bekerja	1.8	0
micro computer	0.3	0
dot-printer matrix	0.8	0
Heat output peralatan rumah tangga (Kilo Watt)
peralatan gas	sensible	latent
hair drier, tipe helm	0.6	0.1
kompor, per m2	11	11
pemanas makanan, per m2	2.7	1.6
mesin pembuat kopi, 14 liter	1.2	1.2
grill 360 x 430mm	4.4	1.1

--------------------------------------------


ventilation heat flow

Qv = qv x dT

dT = To - Ti

qv = 0.33 x N x V

N  = ACH
V  = Volume
To = Temp. Outdoor
Ti  = Temp. Indoor


-------------------------------------------

Heat flow Konduksi dinding

Qc = qc x dT

dT =  To - Ti

qc  = Sum(A xU)
A   =  Luas bidang material
U   = U-Value material
 To = Temp. Outdoor
Ti  = Temp. Indoor


------------------------------------------

Heat flow Radiasi Matahari (Opaque)

Qc = qc x dTe

qc = Sum(A x U)

dTe atap      = (G x abs - E) x Rso
dTe dinding  =  G x abs x Rso
Rso             = Resistense surface outdoor
A                =  Luas bidang material
U                = U-Value material
G                = Radiasi matahari
E                = 90 W/m2 (langit cerah),
                     20W/m2 (langit mendung)

------------------------------------------

Heat flow Radiasi Matahari (Transparent)

Qsw = A x G x sgf

A   = Luas area transparan
G   = Radiasi matahari
sgf  = Solar gain factor kaca

Solar Gain Factor for Windows
Jenis Kaca	sgf	asg
		struktur ringan	struktur tebal
Single Glazing
kaca bening 6mm	0.76	0.64	0.47
permukaan berwarna 6mm	0.6	0.53	0.41
kaca berwarna 6mm	0.52	0.47	0.38
kaca berwarna 10mm	0.42	0.39	0.34
kaca bening , reflecting film	0.32	0.29	0.23
kaca bening, strong reflecting film	0.21	0.19	0.16
kaca bening, reflectting film warna	0.28	0.26	0.23
reflecting glass	0.36	0.33	0.27
strong reflecting glass	0.18	0.17	0.15
Double Glazing (outer pane first)
kaca bening 6mm + kaca bening 6mm	0.64	0.56	0.42
permukaan berwarna + bening 6mm	0.48	0.43	0.34
kaca berwarna + bening 6mm	0.4	0.37	0.3
kaca berwarna 10mm + bening 6mm	0.3	0.28	0.24
refecting + bening 6mm	0.28	0.25	0.21
strong reflecting + bening 6mm	0.13	0.12	0.1
light reflecting sealed double unit	0.32	0.29	0.21
strong reflecting sealed double unit	0.15	0.14	0.11
Double Glazing + External Shade
Clear 6mm (2) + light horiz. Slats	0.13	0.09	0.07
clear 6mm (2) + light verti. Slats	0.15	0.1	0.08
clear 6mm (2) + roller blind	0.1	0.09	0.07
clear 6mm (2) + mini louvres	0.12	0.07	0.06
clear 6mm (2) + dark horiz. Slats	0.1	0.06	0.06
Single Glazing + External Shade
Clear 6mm + light horizon slats	0.16	0.11	0.09
Clear 6mm + light vertical slats	0.18	0.13	0.1
Clear 6mm + dark horizon slats	0.13	0.09	0.08
Clear 6mm + holland blind	0.13	0.1	0.08
Clear 6mm + mini louvers	0.16	0.1	0.09
body tinted + light horizon slats	0.13	0.09	0.08
body tinted + light vertical slats	0.14	0.12	0.09
Single Glazing + Internal Shade
Clear 6mm + light horizon slats	0.31	0.28	0.24
Clear 6mm + light vertical slats	0.32	0.3	0.24
Clear 6mm + dark horizon slats	0.35	0.36	0.34
clear 6mm + linen blinds	0.2	0.18	0.14
body tinted + light slatted blinds	0.19	0.18	0.17
reflecting + light slatted blinds	0.14	0.14	0.12

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Heat flow Evaporasi

Qe = 666 x evr (kW)

evr = evaporation rate



SUMBER: Thermal Design of Building, SZOKOLAY